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<title>Pernambuco</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pernambuco</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Pernambuco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pernambuco (disambiguation)">Pernambuco (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pernambuco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">

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<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="Flag_of_Pernambuco" title="Flag of Pernambuco">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ego sum qui fortissimum et dux</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br> "I am the strongest and the one who leads"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="Hino_de_Pernambuco" title="Hino de Pernambuco">Hino de Pernambuco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in Brazil</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:-8.333333333333334,-37.8"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°20′S</span> <span class="longitude">37°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.333°S 37.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.333; -37.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Governor_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Brazil)">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Raquel_Lyra" title="Raquel Lyra">Raquel Lyra</a> (<a href="Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">PSDB</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Priscila Krause (<a href="Cidadania" title="Cidadania">Cidadania</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li><a href="Humberto_Costa" title="Humberto Costa">Humberto Costa</a> (<a href="Workers'_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">PT</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jarbas_Vasconcelos" title="Jarbas Vasconcelos">Jarbas Vasconcelos</a> (<a href="Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">MDB</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Teresa_Leit%C3%A3o" title="Teresa Leitão">Teresa Leitão</a> (<a href="Worker's_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's Party (Brazil)">PT</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">98,067.877 km<sup>2</sup> (37,864.219 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by area">19th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(19 Sep 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-census2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,539,029</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by population">7th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by population density">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pernambucan (English), <i>Pernambucano</i> or <i>Pernambucana</i> (Brazilian Portuguese)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-bge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">R$</a> 222.814 billion<br>(<a href="US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 41.961 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2021</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Category</th><td class="infobox-data">0.719<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span style="color:green">high</span> (<a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%E2%88%923" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3">UTC−3</a> (<a href="Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">BRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%E2%88%922" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−2">UTC−2</a> (<a href="Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">FNT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="C%C3%B3digo_de_Endere%C3%A7amento_Postal" title="Código de Endereçamento Postal">Postal Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">50000-000 to 56990-000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="ISO_3166-2%3ABR" title="ISO 3166-2:BR">BR-PE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pe.gov.br/">www<wbr>.pe<wbr>.gov<wbr>.br</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Pernambuco</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PUR</span>-nəm-<span style="font-size:90%">BEW</span>-koh, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">BOO</span>-</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Brazilian Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-BR-fonipa">[peʁnɐ̃ˈbuku]</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/Pt-br_Pernambuco.ogg\/Pt-br_Pernambuco.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pt-br Pernambuco.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Pt-br_Pernambuco.ogg/Pt-br_Pernambuco.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span>, <span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-BR-fonipa">[ˌpɛʁ-]</span>) is a <a href="States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">state</a> of <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> located in the <a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast region</a> of the country. With an estimated population of 9.5 million people as of 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the <a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by population">seventh-most populous state of Brazil</a> and with around 98,067.877 km<sup>2</sup>, it is the <a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by area">19th-largest in area among federative units of the country</a>. It is also the sixth-most densely populated with around 92.37 people per km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its capital and largest city, <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the <a href="Recife_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife metropolitan area">Recife Metropolitan Region</a> is seventh-most populous in the country, and the second-largest in <a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the state had 4.4% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national <a href="Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The contemporary state inherits its name from the <a href="Captaincy_of_Pernambuco" title="Captaincy of Pernambuco">Captaincy of Pernambuco</a>, established in 1534. The region was originally inhabited by <a href="Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a>-speaking peoples. European colonization began in the 16th century, under mostly <a href="Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese rule</a> interrupted by a brief period of <a href="Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch rule</a>, followed by <a href="Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> in 1822. Large numbers of <a href="Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slaves</a> were brought from Africa during the colonial era to cultivate sugarcane, and a significant portion of the state's population has some amount of African ancestry.

</p><p>The state has rich cultural traditions thanks to its varied history and peoples. <a href="Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnivals</a> in Recife and the historic colonial capital of <a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> are renowned: the <a href="Galo_da_Madrugada" title="Galo da Madrugada">Galo da Madrugada</a> parade in Recife has held world records for its size.

</p><p>Historically a center of <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> cultivation due to the favorable climate, the state has a modern economy dominated by the <a href="Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services sector</a> today, though large amounts of sugarcane are still grown. The coming of democracy in <a href="History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">1985</a> has brought the state progress and challenges in turn: while economic and health indicators have improved, <a href="Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">inequality</a> remains high.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The origins of the name <i>Pernambuco</i> are debated, though most hypotheses derive the name from the now-extinct <a href="Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a>.

</p><p>Some scholars claim that the name comes from the combining of the <a href="Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> words <i>para'nã</i>, meaning "great river" or "sea" and <i>buka</i>, meaning "hole". Thus, <i>pernambuco</i> would mean "hole in the sea", possibly referring to the <a href="Canal_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Canal de Santa Cruz">Canal de Santa Cruz</a> on the <a href="Ilha_de_Itamarac%C3%A1" title="Ilha de Itamaracá">Island of Itamaracá</a>, north of <a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, or to an opening in the <a href="Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> between Olinda and Recife.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to others, <i>pernambuco</i> was the name of <a href="Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">brazilwood</a> in local indigenous languages at the time of first contact, as the tree is found widely in the <a href="Pernambuco_coastal_forests" title="Pernambuco coastal forests">forests</a> of the future state. A third hypothesis also derives from a Tupi word, <i>paranãbuku</i>, meaning "long river", a possible reference to the <a href="Capibaribe_River" title="Capibaribe River">Capibaribe River</a>, since primitive maps mark such a "Pernambuco river" north of <a href="Cabo_de_Santo_Agostinho" title="Cabo de Santo Agostinho">Cabo de Santo Agostinho</a>, south of Recife.

</p><p>Another hypothesis, suggested by the academic Jacques Ribemboim, asserts the origins of the name from the Portuguese language. The Canal de Santa Cruz in Recife, at the beginning of the 16th century, was known as <i>Boca de Fernão</i> (named after the explorer <a href="Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Noronha</a>). The Indians may have pronounced <i>Fernão</i> as <i><b>P</b>ernao</i> and reversed the <a href="Word_order" title="Word order">order of the words</a>, giving <i>Pernão Boca</i> or <i>Pernambuka</i>, leading to the contemporary name of Pernambuco.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The state also has some nicknames, such as <i>Lion of the North</i>, <i>Land of <a href="Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a> and <a href="Maracatu" title="Maracatu">Maracatu</a></i> and <i>Blessed Land</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called <a href="Chapada" title="Chapada">chapadas</a>, capped in places by horizontal layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form the boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with <a href="Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, the <a href="Serra_do_Araripe" class="mw-redirect" title="Serra do Araripe">Serra do Araripe</a> with <a href="Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, and the <a href="Cariri_Velhos_belt" title="Cariri Velhos belt">Serra dos Cariris Velhos</a> with <a href="Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3></div>

<p>The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid <a href="Pernambuco_coastal_forests" title="Pernambuco coastal forests">Pernambuco coastal forests</a>, the northern extension of the <a href="Atlantic_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Forests">Atlantic Forests</a> (Mata Atlântica) of eastern Brazil. It is now occupied by extensive <a href="Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> plantations. It has a hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The middle zone, called the <i><a href="Agreste" title="Agreste">agreste</a></i> region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the semi-deciduous <a href="Pernambuco_interior_forests" title="Pernambuco interior forests">Pernambuco interior forests</a>, where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season.

</p><p>The inland region, called the <i><a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">sertão</a></i> is high, stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts (secas). The climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called <i><a href="Caatinga" title="Caatinga">caatinga</a></i>. The <a href="Rio_S%C3%A3o_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio São Francisco">Rio São Francisco</a> is the main water source for this area.

</p>

<p>The climate is more mild in the <a href="Borborema_Plateau" title="Borborema Plateau">Borborema Plateau</a> ("Planalto da Borborema"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10 °C (50 °F) and even 5 °C (41 °F) in some cities (i.e., <a href="Triunfo%2C_Pernambuco" title="Triunfo, Pernambuco">Triunfo</a>) during the winter.

</p><p>The volcanic archipelago of <a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> in the Atlantic Ocean, 535 km northeast of <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, has been part of Pernambuco since 1988.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3></div>

<p>The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the <a href="S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco River</a>, and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the <a href="Moxot%C3%B3_River" title="Moxotó River">Moxotó</a>, Ema, <a href="Paje%C3%BA_River" title="Pajeú River">Pajeú</a>, <a href="Terra_Nova_River" title="Terra Nova River">Terra Nova</a>, Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels the greater part of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The largest of the coastal rivers are the <a href="Goiana_River" title="Goiana River">Goiana River</a>, which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the <a href="Capibaribe_River" title="Capibaribe River">Capibaribe</a>, which has its source in the Serra de Jacarara and flows eastward to the Atlantic at <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km); the <a href="Ipojuca_River" title="Ipojuca River">Ipojuca</a>, which rises in the Serra de Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the <a href="Una_River_(Pernambuco)" title="Una River (Pernambuco)">Uná</a>. A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with <a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="History_of_Pernambuco" title="History of Pernambuco">History of Pernambuco</a> and <a href="Captaincy_of_Pernambuco" title="Captaincy of Pernambuco">Captaincy of Pernambuco</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div>

<p>Prior to discovery and colonization by Portugal, Pernambuco was inhabited by numerous tribes of <a href="Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi-Guarani</a> speaking indigenous peoples. The <a href="Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi peoples</a> were a largely hunter-gatherer culture living in long houses who cultivated some indigenous crops, most notably <a href="Cassava" title="Cassava">manioc</a> (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>), but lacked any metallic tools. Many elements of the Tupi culture were a shock to Europeans: among these, they bathed frequently, they eschewed wealth accumulation, practiced nudity, and warred frequently, primarily to capture enemies for communal, ritual cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Loronha</a></div>

<p>Modern day Pernambuco includes the islands of <a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, which precedes mainland Pernambuco's history since the islands were granted to Fernão de Laronha by King Manoel in 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pernambuco was initially valued as a source of <a href="Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">Brazilwood</a> (<i>Caesalpinia echinata</i>) used in Europe for dyes. These Amerindians were eager to harvest and exchange brazilwood for axes, fishhooks and other goods offered by Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese crown granted a license to Fernão de Laronha in 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the expiration of the license the trade in brazilwood was a driver of the exploration of Brazil. Brazilwood was highly valued and other European nations, particularly the French, soon sent ships to exploit this new dye wood. The French under <a href="Bertrand_d'Ornesan" title="Bertrand d'Ornesan">Bertrand d'Ornesan</a> tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fort was located at the border of Pernambuco and Itamaricá to the North. The Portuguese King responded by dispatching an armada under the command of Pero Lopes de Sousa. Pero Lopes defeated the French, destroyed their fort and built a new fort.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_settlement">Portuguese settlement</h3></div>

<p>Shortly after the success in dislodging the French from Pernambuco's northern border with Itamaricá the Portuguese began to settle Brazil. King <a href="John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> created the <a href="Capitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitania">Hereditary Captaincies</a> in 1534, Pernambuco was granted to <a href="Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a>, who arrived in <i>Nova Lusitânia</i> (or "New <a href="Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>") in 1535. Duarte directed military actions against the French-allied <a href="Caet%C3%A9_people" title="Caeté people">Caetés</a> Indians and upon their defeat in 1537 established a settlement at the site of a former Marin Indian village, henceforth known as Olinda, as well as another village at <a href="Igarassu%2C_Pernambuco" title="Igarassu, Pernambuco">Igarassu</a>. Under his leadership sugar soon replaced Brazilwood as Pernambuco's most profitable export.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the cultivation of <a href="Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar</a> and cotton, Pernambuco was one of the few prosperous captaincies (the other notable one being <a href="Captaincy_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Captaincy of São Vicente">São Vicente</a>).

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery">Slavery</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></div>

<p>In addition to requiring a lot of capital investment, refining sugar in the 16th century also required a vast amount of labor. Brazilian Indians were very useful to the Portuguese; both free Indians and enslaved Indians performed many useful services for the Portuguese settlers. This included helping with building Engenhos. However, Brazilian Indian culture was not well suited to the operation of sugar engenhos. Indian culture was not oriented to wealth accumulation. Stuart Schwartz expressed it, "Once a man had enough to eat and a few new tools and weapons, why should he want or work for more."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While the <a href="Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">sugar industry</a> relied at first on the labor of indigenous peoples, especially the <a href="Tupis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupis">Tupis</a> and <a href="Tapuyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuyas">Tapuyas</a>, high mortality and economic growth led to the importation of enslaved Africans from the late 17th century onward. Some of these slaves escaped the sugar-producing coastal regions and formed independent inland communities called <a href="Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">mocambos</a>, including <a href="Palmares%2C_Pernambuco" title="Palmares, Pernambuco">Palmares</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_conquest">Dutch conquest</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></div>

<p>In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch until 1654.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation was strongly resisted and the Dutch conquest was only partially successful for these few decades. In the interim, thousands of the <a href="Enslaved_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslaved Africans">enslaved Africans</a> had fled to Palmares, and soon the mocambos there had grown into two significant states. The <a href="Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, which allowed sugar production to remain in Portuguese hands, regarded suppression of Palmares as important, but was unsuccessful in this. <a href="Johan_Maurits_van_Nassau-Siegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen">Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen</a>, count of Nassau, was appointed as ruler of the <i><a href="Nieuw_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw Holland">Nieuw Holland</a></i> (Dutch colonization enterprise in Brazil).

</p><p>In the 17th century, the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> was experiencing a surge of freedom and progress, and wanted to expand their colonies in the American continent. An expression of this new economy was the <a href="Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, (modeled after the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> which had influence throughout the world and controlled much of the trade between East and West). A Board of nineteen members appointed Prince <a href="Johan_Maurits" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Maurits">Johan Maurits</a>, Count of Nassau, Governor of Pernambuco. It was an auspicious choice for Northeast, because he was a lover of the arts with a deep interest in the New World. In 1637 he opened his government guidelines quite different from those of the Portuguese colonists, declaring "Freedom of Religion and Trade". His entourage contained traders, artists, planners, German and Dutch citizens. He was accompanied by six painters, including <a href="Frans_Post" title="Frans Post">Frans Post</a> and <a href="Albert_Eckhout" title="Albert Eckhout">Albert Eckhout</a>. Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates. Nassau made efforts to reduce the sugar production monoculture by encouraging the cultivation of other crops, particularly foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_immigration">Jewish immigration</h3></div>

<p>Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>. Many Jews, having fled the <a href="Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in Iberia, sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community established themselves in Dutch Brazil and would later migrate elsewhere in the Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue was being built in the city. A Jewish scholar from <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="Isaac_Aboab_da_Fonseca" title="Isaac Aboab da Fonseca">Isaac Aboab da Fonseca</a>, arrived in <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father <a href="Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a> – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of the New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_reconquest">Portuguese reconquest</h3></div>

<p>The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and <a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> regained its status of political center. However, <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> remained the commercial /port city. Nowadays, it is credited that many inhabitants of Pernambuco's <i>agreste</i> region have some Dutch ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-nedbra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nedbra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of a treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler <a href="Ganga_Zumba" title="Ganga Zumba">Ganga Zumba</a>, a war between the two remained. <a href="Zumbi" title="Zumbi">Zumbi</a> who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_centuries_of_the_sugar_cycle">Three centuries of the sugar cycle</h3></div>

<p>Throughout the remainder of the 17th century on to the 20th century much of life in Pernambuco was dominated by the patterns established by monoculture, latifundia, and slavery (until 1888). Sugar and cotton were grown on large plantations and rural society was largely divided into landowning elites and the impoverished poor. In addition, Pernambuco, except for a narrow coastland, is subject to periodic droughts. The boom and bust economy throughout this period is often exemplified as the "sugar cycle" when the international market for sugar is good, the economy booms, when the market is bad, it is hard times for all and particularly for the impoverished. Sugar has always been the principal example of the boom or bust cycle, but there has, from time to time been a similar cycle in cotton. Cotton was profitable during the U.S. War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the U.S. Civil War. Each time the bust in Pernambuco came when U.S. growers resumed their exports.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th-century_class_conflict">17th-century class conflict</h4></div>

<p>A sugar mill <i>engenho</i> requires a large investment both to build and to operate. Much of the time the money is borrowed. Although there were other sources, one source that was a particular irritant to mill owners were the merchants of Recife. In 1710 this irritant resulted in the <a href="Mascate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascate War">Mascate War</a>. This conflict set the <i>mascates</i> from Recife against the establishment planters of Olinda It was led by the <i>Senhores de Engenho</i> (owners of the sugar mills). It is an example of the continuing tensions between the senhores de engenho (the landed elites) in colonial Brazil and the merchants of Recife. The "War" (there was considerable shooting but little loss of life) has elements of class struggle. Olinda had, before the Dutch, always been the municipal seat. Recife, once merely a port facility for Olinda, had formerly consisted of a few modest dwellings, warehouses, and businesses catering to ships and seamen, but under the Dutch had been developed into a thriving center of commerce populated by wealthy, more recently arrived merchants to whom most of the landed aristocracy of Pernambuco were heavily indebted. After several excesses the king issued a new set of instructions to the governor. In 1715 the crown dispatched a new governor and the residents of Pernambuco finally felt the troubles were ended, though many families of the colony's elites were ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century:_mining_eclipses_sugar">18th century: mining eclipses sugar</h4></div>

<p>The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais late in the Seventeenth Century and the discovery of diamond displaced agriculture. In fact, for all the disruption caused by "gold fever" throughout the mining boom the value of sugar exports always exceeded the value of any other export.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, among many other disruptions, gold shifted the focus South. Pernambuco, Bahia, and the entire Northeast were eclipsed by the South of Brazil and that shift in focus has never been reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century:_a_province,_then_a_state">19th century: a province, then a state</h4></div>

<p>Pernambuco's response to the nationhood of Brazil seems to have been rebellion. Pernambuco was the site of some of the most important rebellions and insurrections in <a href="Brazilian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian history">Brazilian history</a>, especially in the 19th century. See Also <a href="Rebellions_and_revolutions_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil">Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil</a>, <a href="Pernambucan_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernambucan Revolt">Pernambucan Revolt</a>, <a href="Cabanada" title="Cabanada">Cabanada</a>, <a href="April_Revolt_(Pernambuco)" title="April Revolt (Pernambuco)">April Revolt (Pernambuco)</a> At one point Pernambuco led much of the Northeast region in a very short-lived independent <a href="Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_end_of_slavery_and_the_beginning_of_the_republic">The end of slavery and the beginning of the republic</h4></div>

<p>In 1888, under the influence of increasingly urban society, and with the advocacy of intellectuals such as Pernambucan politician <a href="Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a>, slavery was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, freedom for the slaves did little or nothing to improve life for the underclass. Economic downturns were used to cut wages, children were paid almost nothing, and violence ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those days before antibiotics there were major epidemics, fourteen between 1849 and 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4></div>

<p>The twentieth century did bring better communication and transportation which would slowly allow development. But for the poor employed in the sugar industry, as late as the 1960s infant mortality in this labor segment was nearly half of live births.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, the century was dominated by two periods of dictatorship, ruled by <a href="Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> for most of the period from 1930 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-dictatorship_progress">Post-dictatorship progress</h3></div>

<p>Since the end of military rule, there is still an underemployed and under-fed underclass. However, quality of life has improved along with industrial development. Pernambuco has also become a major tourist destination. Statistics from the turn of the millennium show a sharp and continuing improvement. According to estimates from the <a href="Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease Study</a>, the <a href="Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality rate</a> declined 6.2 percent annually between 1990 and 2015: from 90.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1990, to 13.4 deaths/1000 live births in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homicide rate in Recife, still higher than the average for Brazil, declined by about 6% per annum during the period from 2000 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Income inequality remains a problem; in 2000, the state had a Gini coefficient of 0.59,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with wealth and resources being concentrated at the top.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div>

<p>The state government is divided into <a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">three branches</a>, like all Brazilian states. All the branches are located in capital of Recife.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a>: the <a href="Governor_of_Pernambuco" title="Governor of Pernambuco">Governor</a>, currently <a href="Raquel_Lyra" title="Raquel Lyra">Raquel Lyra</a> of the <a href="Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">Brazilian Social Democracy Party</a>, is responsible for administration. The vice-governor, currently <a href="Priscila_Krause" title="Priscila Krause">Priscila Krause</a> of the <a href="Cidadania" title="Cidadania">Cidadania</a> is first in line of succession to the governorship, but otherwise has few responsibilities.</li>

<li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a>: the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Pernambuco" title="Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco">Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco</a>, a unicameral body with 49 state deputies. It meets in the <i>Edifício Governador Miguel Arraes de Alencar.</i></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial</a>: the Pernambuco Court of Justice (<i>Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco</i>), with 52 justices.</li></ul>

<p>The governor and deputies are elected to four year terms in Brazilian general elections, with the most recent being held in <a href="2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Pernambuco" title="List of municipalities in Pernambuco">185 municipalities</a> that make up the state have similar structures, though they lack the judicial branch. Each municipality has a chief executive, analogous to mayor, called a <i>Prefeito/Prefeita</i>, while the legislative branch is called the <i>Câmara Municipal</i>.

</p><p>Municipal officials also serve four year terms, with the most recent being held in <a href="2020_Brazilian_municipal_elections" title="2020 Brazilian municipal elections">2020</a>.

</p><p><a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> is a <i><a href="Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> "State District" (<i>distrito estadual</i>), governed directly by a Pernambuco state administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3></div>

<p>At the federal level, Pernambuco is represented by 25 deputies in the <a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, and three senators in the <a href="Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div>

<p>According to the <a href="Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)</a>, at the last census in 2022 there were 9,058,621 people residing in the state. The population is concentrated along the coast in the <a href="Recife_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife metropolitan area">Recife Metropolitan Region</a>.

</p><p>Urbanization: 77% (2006); <a href="Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a>: 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

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<div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Pernambuco (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Censo_2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censo_2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (65.9%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (20.3%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Other Christian (0.88%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label"><a href="Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a> (1.41%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Other/No reply (1.02%)</span></li>

<li><span class="l-label">Unaffiliated (10.4%)</span></li>

</ol>

</div>

</div></div></div>

<p>The majority of the state's inhabitants are Catholic; while more than 86% of the state is Christian.

</p><p>In 2010, 5,834,601 inhabitants identified as <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> (65.95%), 1,788,973 as <a href="Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> (20.34%): of these, 1,102,485 were <a href="Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> (12.53%), and 376,880 were Evangelical Protestant (4.28%) and 309,608 other Evangelical (3.52%). 123,798 inhabitants identified as <a href="Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritists</a> (1.41%), 43,726 as <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (0.50%), 26,526 as <a href="Brazilian_Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church">Brazilian Apostolic Catholics</a> (0.30%) and 6,678 as <a href="Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>(0.08%).

</p><p>914,954 had <a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a> (10.40%): of these, 10,284 identified as <a href="Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheists</a> (0.12%) and 5,638 as <a href="Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostics</a> (0.06%). 80,591 followed all other religions not listed above (0.90%), and 9,805 did not know or did not declare (0.12%).<sup id="cite_ref-Censo_2010_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censo_2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The former Latin Catholic <a href="Territorial_Prelature" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Prelature">Territorial Prelature</a> of Pernambuco became the Metropolitan <a href="Archdiocese_of_Olinda_%26_Recife" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Olinda & Recife">Archdiocese of Olinda & Recife</a>, with these <a href="Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> dioceses in its <a href="Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> (all in Pernambuco) : <a href="Diocese_of_Afogados_da_Ingazeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira">Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Caruaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Caruaru">Diocese of Caruaru</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Floresta" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Floresta">Diocese of Floresta</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Garanhuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Garanhuns">Diocese of Garanhuns</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Nazar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Nazaré">Diocese of Nazaré</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Palmares" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Palmares">Diocese of Palmares</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Pesqueira" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Pesqueira">Diocese of Pesqueira</a>, <a href="Diocese_of_Petrolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Petrolina">Diocese of Petrolina</a> and <a href="Diocese_of_Salgueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Salgueiro">Diocese of Salgueiro</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial/Ethnic_composition">Racial/Ethnic composition</h3></div>

<p>The results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted in 2022 led to the following estimates of <a href="Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">race or skin color</a>: 5,006,802 <a href="Brown_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown people">Brown</a> (<a href="Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a>) people (55.3%), 3,043,916 <a href="White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White</a> people (33.6%), 909,557 <a href="Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Black</a> people (10.0%), 83,667 <a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a> people (0.9%) and 13,225 <a href="Asian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Brazilian">Asian</a> people (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Due to the legacy of slavery and the sugarcane plantations, it has been observed that those of mixed <a href="Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">African</a> and <a href="Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">Portuguese</a> ancestry are more common on the coast, while <a href="Mameluco" title="Mameluco">Mamelucos</a> (those of mixed <a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Amerindian</a> and Portuguese ancestry) are more common in the interior <i><a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a></i> region.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to a genetic study from 2013, Pernambucans have 56.8% European, 27.9% African and 15.3% Amerindian ancestries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div>

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<div>

<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Pernambuco</span><br><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">(2011 census by the <a href="Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IBGE_Pop_2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGE_Pop_2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Rank

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th><a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Pernambuco" title="List of municipalities in Pernambuco">Municipality</a>

</th>

<th>Pop.

</th>

<th>Rank

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th><a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Pernambuco" title="List of municipalities in Pernambuco">Municipality</a>

</th>

<th>Pop.

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_da_Mata" title="São Lourenço da Mata">São Lourenço da Mata</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">110,784

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Jaboat%C3%A3o_dos_Guararapes" title="Jaboatão dos Guararapes">Jaboatão dos Guararapes</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Igarassu%2C_Pernambuco" title="Igarassu, Pernambuco">Igarassu</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">108,536

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Abreu_e_Lima%2C_Pernambuco" title="Abreu e Lima, Pernambuco">Abreu e Lima</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">94,965

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Agreste Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Santa_Cruz_do_Capibaribe" title="Santa Cruz do Capibaribe">Santa Cruz do Capibaribe</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Agreste Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">90,772

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Paulista" title="Paulista">Paulista</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">84,276

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">São Francisco Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Serra_Talhada" title="Serra Talhada">Serra Talhada</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Sertão Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">81,871

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Cabo_de_Santo_Agostinho" title="Cabo de Santo Agostinho">Cabo de Santo Agostinho</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Araripina" title="Araripina">Araripina</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Sertão Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">81,794

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Camaragibe" title="Camaragibe">Camaragibe</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Metropolitana do Recife</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Gravat%C3%A1" title="Gravatá">Gravatá</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Agreste Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">77,300

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Vit%C3%B3ria_de_Santo_Ant%C3%A3o" title="Vitória de Santo Antão">Vitória de Santo Antão</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Mata Pernambucana</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Goiana" title="Goiana">Goiana</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Mata Pernambucana</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">76,565

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Garanhuns" title="Garanhuns">Garanhuns</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Agreste Pernambucano</td>

<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="Carpina" title="Carpina">Carpina</a></td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Mata Pernambucana</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">75,989

</td></tr>

</tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">

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.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}

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</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">841,539</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,030,224</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,178,150</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,154,835</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,688,240</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,395,766</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,138,289</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,253,901</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,244,275</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,122,548</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,929,154</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,796,448</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,058,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-census2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

<p><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h4></div>

<p>Pernambuco is served by many higher education institutions, concentrated in Recife. Most universities and colleges were founded in the 19th and 20th century, and some are known nationally.

</p><p>The oldest is the <a href="Faculdade_de_Direito_do_Recife" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculdade de Direito do Recife">Faculdade de Direito do Recife</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">College of Law of Recife</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), founded on 11 August 1827 in the then-state capital of <a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, one of the first higher education institutes in Brazil. <a href="Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Castro Alves</a> and <a href="Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a>, two important Brazilian historical figures are among its alumni.

</p><p>Many institutions are composed of several autonomous campuses serving the entire state, however Recife remains undeniably the center of education.

</p><p>Important institutions include:

</p><p>Headquartered in Recife:

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Federal_University_of_Pernambuco" title="Federal University of Pernambuco">Federal University of Pernambuco</a> (<i>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</i>, UFPE), which now contains the historical College of Law of Recife, public, federally-funded</li>

<li>The <a href="Catholic_University_of_Pernambuco" title="Catholic University of Pernambuco">Catholic University of Pernambuco</a>, (Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Unicap), private, non-profit,</li>

<li>The <a href="University_of_Pernambuco" title="University of Pernambuco">University of Pernambuco</a> (<i>Universidade de Pernambuco</i>, UPE), public, funded by Pernambuco state</li>

<li>The <a href="Federal_Rural_University_of_Pernambuco" title="Federal Rural University of Pernambuco">Federal Rural University of Pernambuco</a> (<i>Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</i>, UFRPE), public, federally-funded</li>

<li>The <a href="Federal_Institute_of_Pernambuco" title="Federal Institute of Pernambuco">Federal Institute of Pernambuco</a> (I<i>nstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco</i>, IFPE), public, federally-funded</li></ul>

<p>Located elsewhere in the state:

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Federal_University_of_the_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Valley" title="Federal University of the São Francisco Valley">Federal University of the São Francisco Valley</a> (<i>Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco</i>, UNIVASF), in <a href="Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a>, public, federally-funded</li>

<li>The Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco (<i>Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, UFAPE</i>), in <a href="Garanhuns" title="Garanhuns">Garanhuns</a>, public, federally-funded</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Economy_of_Pernambuco" title="Economy of Pernambuco">Economy of Pernambuco</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> is the largest component of GDP at 73.2%, followed by the <a href="Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial sector</a> at 21.6%. <a href="Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a> represents 5.2% of GDP (2006). Pernambuco exports: sugar 35.6%, fruit and juice 12.6%, fish and <a href="Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> 12.3%, electric products 11.1%, <a href="Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a> 7.1%, <a href="Woven" class="mw-redirect" title="Woven">woven</a> 5.6% (2002).

</p>

<caption>Economic Sectorial Composition in 2006 (BR$)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th><a href="Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">Primary sector</a>

</th>

<th>%

</th>

<th><a href="Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">Secondary sector</a>

</th>

<th>%

</th>

<th><a href="Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">Tertiary sector</a>

</th>

<th>%

</th>

<th>Taxation

</th>

<th>GDP

</th>

<th>growth

</th>

<th><a href="GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP PC</a> R$

</th>

<th>growth

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.474

</td>

<td>5.2%

</td>

<td>10.316

</td>

<td>21.6%

</td>

<td>34.872

</td>

<td>73.2%

</td>

<td>7.843

</td>

<td><b>55.505</b> (100%)

</td>

<td><b>5.1</b>%

</td>

<td>6.528

</td>

<td>10%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>According with <a href="Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a>, in 2007 <i>Pernambuco</i> has 2.34% share of the Brazilian economy and 17.9% share of the <a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a> region economy. It's the 10th largest economy of the whole <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">country</a>. The GDP for the state was R$104,394,000,000 (2011), and the per capita income was R$11,776.

</p>

<p>The economy is based on agriculture (sugarcane, manioc), livestock farming and creations, as well as industry (shipbuilding, automotive, chemical, metallurgical, electronic, textile, alimentary). In the period of October 2005 to October 2006, the industrial growth of the state was the second biggest in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> – 6.3%, more than double the national average in the same period (2.3%). Another segment that deserves to be highlighted is mineral extraction. The pole gesseiro of Araripina is the supplier from 95% of the plaster consumed in Brazil. The pole of data processing of the Recife, Digital Port, despite having started in 2000, is one of the five biggest in Brazil. It employs around three thousand persons, and has 3.5% the GDP of the state.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3></div>

<p>According with <a href="Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a> 2007, Pernambuco has the 2nd largest livestock portfolio in the <a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a> region and the 8th of <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.

</p>

<caption>Livestock <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="nobold">Table 2007</span><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>Animal or product

</th>

<th>N. of heads

</th>

<th><a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">NE</a> Ranking & %

</th>

<th><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">BR</a> Ranking & %

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Goats

</td>

<td>1595069

</td>

<td>2nd – 18.48%

</td>

<td>2nd – 16.88%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sheep

</td>

<td>1256270

</td>

<td>4th – 13.53%

</td>

<td>5th – 7.74%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cattle

</td>

<td>2219892

</td>

<td>4th – 7.74%

</td>

<td>16th – 1.11%

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>662078000 liters

</td>

<td>2nd – 19.86%

</td>

<td>9th – 2.54%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pigs

</td>

<td>495957

</td>

<td>5th – 7.35%

</td>

<td>14th – 1.38%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Chickens

</td>

<td>31916818

</td>

<td>1st – 24.24%

</td>

<td>7th – 2.83%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Chickens <a href="Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>

</td>

<td>142518000 dozens

</td>

<td>1st – 30.56%

</td>

<td>6th – 4.81%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Quail

</td>

<td>605371

</td>

<td>1st – 43.24%

</td>

<td>4th – 7.98%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Quails <a href="Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>

</td>

<td>9390000 dozens

</td>

<td>1st – 51.43%

</td>

<td>4th – 7.17%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Horses

</td>

<td>125976

</td>

<td>5th – 8.81%

</td>

<td>15th −2.25%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Donkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkeys">Donkeys</a>

</td>

<td>100944

</td>

<td>5th – 9.50%

</td>

<td>5th – 8.68%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mule" title="Mule">Mules</a>

</td>

<td>54812

</td>

<td>4th – 7.97%

</td>

<td>7th – 4.08%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Water_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Buffalo">Buffalos</a>

</td>

<td>19239

</td>

<td>2nd – 16.04%

</td>

<td>11th – 1.70%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rabbits

</td>

<td>2383

</td>

<td>2nd – 6.45%

</td>

<td>9th – 0.82%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a>

</td>

<td>1177000 kg

</td>

<td>4th – 10.15%

</td>

<td>9th – 3.39%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div>

<caption><b>Agriculture Table of Pernambuco in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>

</caption>

<table>

<th>Product S

</th>

<th>Quantity <a href="Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">T</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">NE</a> Ranking & %

</th>

<th><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">BR</a> Ranking & %

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tomatoes

</td>

<td>207736

</td>

</td>

<td>5th – 5.69%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">Manioc</a>

</td>

<td>483634

</td>

</td>

<td>13th – 2.1%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Water_melon" class="mw-redirect" title="Water melon">Water melons</a>

</td>

<td>62820

</td>

</td>

<td>7th – 4.22%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Melons

</td>

<td>16686

</td>

</td>

<td>4th – 4.74%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a>

</td>

<td>17626183

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Onions

</td>

<td>89082

</td>

</td>

<td>5th – 7.29%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">Beans</a>

</td>

<td>82245

</td>

</td>

<td>9th – 2.69%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rice

</td>

<td>17865

</td>

</td>

<td>21st – 0.17%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">Sweet potatoes</a>

</td>

<td>25727

</td>

</td>

<td>7th – 5.17%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pineapples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineapples">Pineapples</a>

</td>

<td>24028

</td>

</td>

<td>12th – 1.11%

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>569

</td>

</td>

<td>4th – 5.63%

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>86675

</td>

</td>

<td>18th – 0.24%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Castor_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor bean">Castor beans</a>

</td>

<td>319

</td>

</td>

<td>8th – 0.19%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gossypium_herbaceum" title="Gossypium herbaceum">Cotton</a>

</td>

<td>1877

</td>

</td>

<td>15th – 0.13

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td>

<table>

<th>Product P

</th>

<th>Quantity <a href="Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">T</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">NE</a> Ranking & %

</th>

<th><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">BR</a> Ranking & %

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Grapes

</td>

<td>99978

</td>

</td>

<td>3rd – 8.70%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Guava" title="Guava">Guavas</a>

</td>

<td>104771

</td>

</td>

<td>2nd – 32.63%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mangoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangoes">Mangoes</a>

</td>

<td>136488

</td>

</td>

<td>3rd – 16.20%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">Coconuts</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>5th – 7.90%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>lemons

</td>

<td>2965

</td>

</td>

<td>12th – 0.30%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Passion_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion fruit">Passion fruits</a>

</td>

<td>5611

</td>

</td>

<td>14th – 1.17%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tangerines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangerines">Tangerines</a>

</td>

<td>5264

</td>

</td>

<td>11th – 0.42%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Papayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Papayas">Papayas</a>

</td>

<td>5358

</td>

</td>

<td>12th – 0.34%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cashew_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew nuts">Cashew nuts</a>

</td>

<td>3554

</td>

</td>

<td>4th – 2.10%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bananas

</td>

<td>367481

</td>

</td>

<td>6th – 5.72%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Oranges

</td>

<td>5638

</td>

</td>

<td>22nd – 0.03%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocados</a>

</td>

<td>1685

</td>

</td>

<td>11th – 1.0%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rubber

</td>

<td>706

</td>

</td>

<td>12th – 0.48%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gossypium_arboreum" title="Gossypium arboreum">Cotton tree</a>

</td>

<td>222

</td>

</td>

<td>4th – 5.41%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i>S – Seasonal; P – Permanent agriculture; + – Thousands units</i>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethanol">Ethanol</h3></div>

<p>Pernambuco was once the 5th largest producer of <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> in Brazil, but today it ranks 8th, behind <a href="S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, <a href="Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and <a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil is the second largest producer of alcohol fuel in the world, typically fermenting ethanol from <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and <a href="Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>. The country produces a total of 18 billion liters annually, of which 3.5 billion are exported, 2 billion of them to the US. Alcohol-fueled cars started in the Brazilian market in 1978 and became quite popular because of heavy subsidy, but in the 80s prices rose and gasoline regained the leading market share.

But from 2004 on, alcohol rapidly increased its market share once again because of new technologies involving <a href="Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">hybrid fuel car engines</a> called "Flex" by all major car manufacturers (<a href="Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, <a href="Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>, <a href="Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, etc.). "Flex" engines work with gasoline, alcohol or any mixture of both fuels. As of February 2007, approximately 80% of new vehicles sold in Brazil are hybrid fuel powered. Because of the Brazilian lead in production and technology, many countries became very interested in importing alcohol fuel and adopting the "Flex" vehicle concept.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div>

<p>In 2018, Pernambuco had an industrial GDP of R$32.4 billion, equivalent to 2.5% of the national industry and employing more than 280,000 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (20%), Public Utilities Industrial Services, such as Electricity and Water (17%), Food (14.9%), Petroleum derivatives and biofuels (9.3%) and Motor vehicles (8.8%). These 5 sectors concentrate 70% of the state's industry. In only 3 places in the Brazilian Northeast Region, there is some relevant industrial production, one of them being the surroundings of Recife. However, the state continues to have little participation in the Brazilian economy, with the population largely concentrated on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div>

<p><a href="Recife/Guararapes%E2%80%93Gilberto_Freyre_International_Airport" title="Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport">Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport</a> has been open since July 2004 and has 52 thousand square meters of area. The largest airport in the North and Northeast regions, Guararapes had its capacity expanded from 5 million to 11 million passengers a year. Now there are 64 check-in counters, versus the former terminal's 24. The shopping and leisure area was also totally remodeled, within the "Aeroshopping" concept, which transforms an airport into a center for business and retail. The commercial spaces will be occupied in steps and the final total will be 142 shops. Since 2000, Recife has had the longest runway in the Northeast, at 3,305 meters. Its extension permits operations with jumbo jets, such as the Boeing 747-400, able to fly nonstop to anywhere in South and Central America, Africa and parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.

</p><p>Pernambuco is also served by the <a href="Petrolina_Airport" title="Petrolina Airport">Petrolina International Airport</a>, which is responsible for the delivery of fresh fruit from the <a href="S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco</a> valley to Europe and the US. The cargo terminal operates with 6 large coolers<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 17000 boxes capacity each plus 2 coolers tunnels. This airports also has daily direct connections between this region (which includes 53 municipalities from the states such as Pernambuco, Piaui and Bahia) to major capitals as <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and Salvador. Like the <a href="Recife_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife airport">Recife airport</a>, it is administered by the Brazilian Federal Agency (<a href="Infraero" title="Infraero">Infraero</a>).

</p><p>Other locally administered airports within the state are the <a href="Fernando_de_Noronha_Airport" title="Fernando de Noronha Airport">Fernando de Noronha Airport</a> and the <a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a> airports. Fernando de Noronhha has daily flights between the <a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">islands</a> with Recife and Natal, and the second airport connects the textile industry region of Caruaru with São Paulo and local cities.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Suape_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Suape port">Suape port</a>. Suape serves ships <i>cargo</i> 365 days a year without any restrictions in regards to tidal schedules. To assist in the docking operation of the ships, the port offers a monitoring system and laser ship docking system that enables effective, secure control and upholds the same technical standards as the most important ports across the globe. The port moves over 8.4 million tons of cargo a year<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (has increased 7 times since 1992). The liquid granary (petroleum by-products, chemical products, alcohols, vegetable oils, etc.) constitutes more than 80% of the movement. The port can serve ships of up to 170,000 tpb and operational draft of 14.50 m. With 27 km<sup>2</sup> (10 sq mi) of backport, the internal and external ports offer the necessary conditions for serving large ships. The access canal has 5,000m of extension, 300m in width and 16.5m in length.</li></ul>

<p><a href="Suape_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Suape port">Suape</a> has started in the 21st century to be Pernambuco's motive power toward development. Huge national and international investments are being attracted by its logistic qualities, of which, until 2010, more than US$10 billion are expected.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Recife_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife port">Recife Port</a> handles <i>cruises and cargo</i>. National and international cruises are made in this port, mainly of those connecting <a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> islands with <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands and South America. The Brazilian and foreign tourists who come to <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> on a cruise ship will use a new <i>Passengers Terminal</i> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with stores, food court and information kiosks. Also, will have an increase in depth from 8.4 m to 11.5 meters deep, what originates will no longer be necessary to do transfer between large and small ships as before.</li></ul>

<p>There are two access channels to the <a href="Recife_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife port">Port</a>, both of natural characteristics. The main one, <i>South Channel</i>, has 260 m of width and 3.4 km (2.1 mi) of extension approximately, with a depth of 10.5 m. The other, denominated <i>North Channel</i>, has little width, about 1.00 km (0.62 mi) of length, and a depth of 6.5 m, and it is used only by small size vessels. Handles an average of 2.2 million tons<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cargo annually, and the main loads are sugar, wheat, corn, barley, malt, fertilizers, clinker and kelp.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div>

<p>Freight trains are operated by Transnordestina Logística, formerly the <i>Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste</i> (CFN), and mainly hauls iron ore, petroleum, and cement. The company won a 30-year concession following the privatization of the <a href="RFFSA" title="RFFSA">RFFSA</a> in 1997, and also serves neighboring states of <a href="Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a> and <a href="Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network is built to <a href="Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">metre gauge</a>, and is 1,753 kilometres (1,089 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Recife_Metro" title="Recife Metro">Recife Metro</a>, opened in 1985, has five lines and is operated by the federally-controlled <i>Compania Brasileira de Trens Urbanos</i> (CBTU).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival">Carnival</h3></div>

<p>The four-day period before <a href="Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> leading up to <a href="Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> is <a href="Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> time in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets. Pernambuco has large Carnaval celebrations, including the <i><a href="Frevo" title="Frevo">frevo</a></i>, typical Pernambuco music. Another carnaval music style from Pernambuco is <i><a href="Maracatu" title="Maracatu">maracatu</a></i>.

</p><p>The cities of Recife and Olinda hold the most authentic and democratic carnaval celebrations in Brazil. The largest carnaval parade in all of Brazil is <i><a href="Galo_da_Madrugada" title="Galo da Madrugada">Galo da Madrugada</a></i>, which takes place in downtown Recife in the Saturday of carnaval. Another event is the <i>Noite dos Tambores Silenciosos</i>.

</p><p>Recife's joyous Carnaval is nationally known, attracting thousands of people every year. The party starts a week before the official date, with electric trios "shaking" the Boa Viagem district.

</p><p>On Friday, people take to the streets to enjoy themselves to the sound of frevo and to dance with maracatu, ciranda, caboclinhos, afoxé, reggae and manguebeat (cultural movement created in Recife during the 1990s) groups. There are still many other entertainment centres around the city, featuring local and national artists.

</p>

<p>One of the highlights is Saturday when more than one million people follow the Galo da Madrugada group. From Sunday to Monday, there is the Night of the Silent Drums, on the Pátio do Terço, where Maracatus honor slaves that died in prisons.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_John's_Day">Saint John's Day</h3></div>

<p><a href="Festa_Junina" title="Festa Junina">Festa Junina</a> was introduced to Northeastern <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> by the <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, for whom Saint John's day (also celebrated as <a href="Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> Day in several European countries), on 24 June, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently, of course, from what happens on the European <a href="Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during the <a href="Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>, but during the tropical <a href="Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>. The festivities traditionally begin after 12 June, on the eve of Saint Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are <a href="Bonfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires">bonfires</a>, <a href="Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>, and folk dancing in the streets. Once exclusively a rural festival, today, in Brazil, it is largely a city festival during which people joyfully and theatrically mimic peasant stereotypes and clichés in a spirit of jokes and good times. Typical refreshments and dishes are served, including <a href="Canjica" title="Canjica">canjica</a> and <a href="Pamonha" title="Pamonha">pamonha</a>. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Like what happens on <a href="Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> and Saint John's Day in Europe, <a href="Bonfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires">bonfires</a> are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.

</p><p>Saint John's Day is celebrated throughout Pernambuco. Nonetheless, the festivities in <a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a> are by far the largest in the state. Saint John's festivals in <a href="Gravat%C3%A1" title="Gravatá">Gravatá</a> and <a href="Carpina" title="Carpina">Carpina</a> are also popular.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_Festival">Winter Festival</h3></div>

<p>In the hilly areas of the interior – mainly in areas with a micro-climate of altitude – temperatures that can reach 8 °C in the winter. Every winter, when the weather is milder, tourists from neighboring states and other parts of Pernambuco visit cities such as <a href="Garanhuns" title="Garanhuns">Garanhuns</a>, <a href="Gravat%C3%A1" title="Gravatá">Gravatá</a>, <a href="Triunfo%2C_Pernambuco" title="Triunfo, Pernambuco">Triunfo</a>, <a href="Taquaritinga_do_Norte" title="Taquaritinga do Norte">Taquaritinga do Norte</a> and <a href="Brejo_da_Madre_de_Deus" title="Brejo da Madre de Deus">Brejo da Madre de Deus</a>.

</p><p>

The city of Garanhuns holds an annual Winter Festival, in the month of July. The main attractions are concerts, dances, <a href="Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">rural tourism</a>, culinary and the relatively low temperatures for a tropical climate.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Pernambuco_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernambuco Museums">Pernambuco Museums</a> and <a href="Pernambuco_Beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernambuco Beaches">Pernambuco Beaches</a></div>

<p>The Pernambuco coastline is 187 km long. There are about 187 kilometers (116 mi) of <a href="Pernambuco_Beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernambuco Beaches">beaches</a>, including at <a href="Porto_de_Galinhas" title="Porto de Galinhas">Porto de Galinhas</a>, Carneiros and Calhetas.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, an isolated group of 21 volcanic islands approximately 540 km from Recife. The main islands are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains, islets and rocks. The Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha hosts ecological sites ideal for exuberant marine animal life, due to its geographic location far from the continent and well within the path of the Southern Equatorial Currents, as well as the nature of its climate.</li>

<li><a href="Porto_de_Galinhas" title="Porto de Galinhas">Porto de Galinhas</a>. It features warm clear water pools scattered around its coral reefs, estuaries, mangroves, coconut trees and a number of other samples of abundant nature richness make Porto de Galinhas a place not to be missed or forgotten.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Boa_Viagem%2C_Recife" title="Boa Viagem, Recife">Boa Viagem</a>. Located in the privileged southern Recife metropolitan area, Boa Viagem is the most important and frequented beach in town. It is protected by a long reef wall and has an extensive coastline.</li>

<li><a href="Itamarac%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Itamaracá">Itamaracá</a> island. Separated from the mainland by the Canal Santa Cruz, it has several highly frequented beaches. Among them are Forte Orange, Praia do Sossego and Pontal da Ilha. The island houses the Marine Manatee Preservation Center.</li>

<li>Maracaípe, a beach with big waves which hosts a phase of the Brazilian Surf Tournament. Highly frequented by surfers and neighbor to Porto de Galinhas, Maracaípe.</li>

<li><a href="Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Tamandaré">Tamandaré</a>. Small waves and fine sand can be found there.</li>

<li><a href="Calhetas" title="Calhetas">Calhetas</a>, a small bay of difficult access. Searched for by many for diving.</li>

<li>Coroa do Avião, a small island in the middle of the Jaguaribe River delta, which can be reached only by boat or raft, from Recife or Itamaracá.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_cities">Main cities</h2></div>

<caption><b>List of the 25 largest cities in Pernambuco as of 2022</b><sup id="cite_ref-População_IBGE_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-População_IBGE-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>

</caption>

<th>Ranking

</th>

<th>City

</th>

<th>Population (2022)

</th>

<th>GDP (in thousands of <a href="Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian Reals (R$)</a>) (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th>GDP per capita (R$) (2021)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>1

</th>

<td><b><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></b>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1,488,920

</td>

<td>20,718,107

</td>

<td>33.094,37

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>2

</th>

<td><a href="Jaboat%C3%A3o_dos_Guararapes" title="Jaboatão dos Guararapes">J. dos Guararapes</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">643,759

</td>

<td>5,578,363

</td>

<td>22,680

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>3

</th>

<td><a href="Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">414,083

</td>

<td>1,932,517

</td>

<td>22,244

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>4

</th>

<td><a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">402,290

</td>

<td>1,367,111

</td>

<td>23,456

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>5

</th>

<td><a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">349,976

</td>

<td>2,179,183

</td>

<td>14,700

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>6

</th>

<td><a href="Paulista" title="Paulista">Paulista</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">342,167

</td>

<td>1,993,295

</td>

<td>16,596

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>7

</th>

<td><a href="Cabo_de_Santo_Agostinho" title="Cabo de Santo Agostinho">Cabo de St. Agostinho</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">203,216

</td>

<td>2,813,188

</td>

<td>65,022

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>8

</th>

<td><a href="Camaragibe" title="Camaragibe">Camaragibe</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">147,771

</td>

<td>492,113

</td>

<td>13,940

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>9

</th>

<td><a href="Garanhuns" title="Garanhuns">Garanhuns</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">142,506

</td>

<td>745,504

</td>

<td>21,769

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>10

</th>

<td><a href="Vit%C3%B3ria_de_Santo_Ant%C3%A3o" title="Vitória de Santo Antão">Vitória de St. Antão</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">134,110

</td>

<td>742,593

</td>

<td>32,423

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>11

</th>

<td><a href="Igarassu%2C_Pernambuco" title="Igarassu, Pernambuco">Igarassu</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">115,196

</td>

<td>310,748

</td>

<td>29,003

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>12

</th>

<td><a href="S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_da_Mata" title="São Lourenço da Mata">S. Lourenço da Mata</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">111,243

</td>

<td>734,430

</td>

<td>12,568

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>13

</th>

<td><a href="Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">98,932

</td>

<td>434,704

</td>

<td>150,647

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>14

</th>

<td><a href="Abreu_e_Lima%2C_Pernambuco" title="Abreu e Lima, Pernambuco">Abreu e Lima</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">98,462

</td>

<td>567,474

</td>

<td>17,123

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>15

</th>

<td><a href="Santa_Cruz_do_capibaribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz do capibaribe">St. Cruz do Capibaribe</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">98,254

</td>

<td>332,112

</td>

<td>17,222

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>16

</th>

<td><a href="Serra_Talhada" title="Serra Talhada">Serra Talhada</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">92,228

</td>

<td>255,578

</td>

<td>19,359

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>17

</th>

<td><a href="Gravat%C3%A1" title="Gravatá">Gravatá</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">86,516

</td>

<td>306,637

</td>

<td>15,938

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>18

</th>

<td><a href="Araripina" title="Araripina">Araripina</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">85,088

</td>

<td>5,354,635

</td>

<td>14,912

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>19

</th>

<td><a href="Goiana" title="Goiana">Goiana</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">81,042

</td>

<td>457,986

</td>

<td>132,714

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>20

</th>

<td><a href="Belo_Jardim" title="Belo Jardim">Belo Jardim</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">79,507

</td>

<td>351,448

</td>

<td>35,942

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>21

</th>

<td><a href="Carpina" title="Carpina">Carpina</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">79,293

</td>

<td>504,735

</td>

<td>20,496

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>22

</th>

<td><a href="Arcoverde" title="Arcoverde">Arcoverde</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">77,742

</td>

<td>290,529

</td>

<td>16,141

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>23

</th>

<td><a href="Ouricuri" title="Ouricuri">Ouricuri</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">65,245

</td>

<td>200,880

</td>

<td>11,076

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>24

</th>

<td><a href="Pesqueira%2C_Pernambuco" title="Pesqueira, Pernambuco">Pesqueira</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">62,722

</td>

<td>236,259

</td>

<td>12,776

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>25

</th>

<td><a href="Escada%2C_Pernambuco" title="Escada, Pernambuco">Escada</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">59,891

</td>

<td>233,562

</td>

<td>18,743

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><a href="Recife_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife metropolitan area">Recife metropolitan area</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">3,688,428

</td>

<td>40,872,963

</td>

<td>10,845

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>State

</th>

<td><b>PERNAMBUCO</b>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">9,058,931

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div>

<p><a href="Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> was introduced to Pernambuco in 1902, when English and <a href="Dutchmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutchmen">Dutch</a> sailors disembarked in Recife and played a game of football in the beach. The novelty awoke the interest of the people of Pernambuco, that soon adhered to the game. Recife provides visitors and residents with various sport activities; the city has the largest football teams of the state of Pernambuco. There are several football clubs based in Recife, such as <a href="Sport_Club_do_Recife" title="Sport Club do Recife">Sport</a>, <a href="Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube" title="Santa Cruz Futebol Clube">Santa Cruz</a>, and <a href="Clube_N%C3%A1utico_Capibaribe" title="Clube Náutico Capibaribe">Náutico</a>.

</p><p>According to the <a href="Brazilian_Football_Confederation" title="Brazilian Football Confederation">Brazilian Football Confederation</a> in 2008, the <a href="Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Pernambucana_de_Futebol" title="Federação Pernambucana de Futebol">Pernambuco Football Federation</a> was ranked sixth nationwide, behind <a href="S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and <a href="Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>; and first in the <a href="Northeastern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Brazil">Northeast region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pernambuco Football Federation organizes the <i><a href="Campeonato_Pernambucano" title="Campeonato Pernambucano">Campeonato Pernambucano</a></i> state championship and the state cup. The first edition of the <i>Campeonato Pernambucano</i> was played in 1915, and was won by Sport Club Flamengo, a club since defunct. In 2011 twelve clubs competed, which was won by <a href="Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube" title="Santa Cruz Futebol Clube">Santa Cruz</a>.

</p><p>In 2012 the state was represented in the highest national level of football (<a href="Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A" title="Campeonato Brasileiro Série A">Brazilian Série A</a>) by <a href="Clube_N%C3%A1utico_Capibaribe" title="Clube Náutico Capibaribe">Náutico</a> and <a href="Sport_Club_do_Recife" title="Sport Club do Recife">Sport</a>. Also, it was represented in (<a href="Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C" title="Campeonato Brasileiro Série C">Série C</a>) by <a href="Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube" title="Santa Cruz Futebol Clube">Santa Cruz</a> and <a href="Salgueiro_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube" title="Salgueiro Atlético Clube">Salgueiro</a> and in (<a href="Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D" title="Campeonato Brasileiro Série D">Série D</a>) by <a href="Central_Sport_Club" title="Central Sport Club">Central</a>.

</p><p><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> was one of the 12 Brazilian cities that hosted the <a href="2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Campo_das_Princesas_Palace" title="Campo das Princesas Palace">Palácio do Campo das Princesas</a></i> in <a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a><i>,</i> headquarters for the <a href="Governor_of_Pernambuco" title="Governor of Pernambuco">state Governor</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Palácio Joaquim Nabuco</i>, meeting place of the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Pernambuco" title="Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco">Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco</a>, in Recife</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco</i> ('Court of Justice of Pernambuco'), in Recife</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Marco Zero</i> in Recife</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Quartel do Derby</i> in Recife, headquarters of the <a href="Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police of Pernambuco</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Central Recife and the Boa Vista neighborhood</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">São Bento Monastery in <a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, the colonial state capital</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Convent of São Francisco, Olinda</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Boa_Viagem%2C_Recife" title="Boa Viagem, Recife">Boa Viagem</a> neighborhood, Recife</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a> at night, in the <i><a href="Agreste" title="Agreste">Agreste</a></i></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Agreste</i> landscape near <a href="Jo%C3%A3o_Alfredo" title="João Alfredo">João Alfredo</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco river</a>, in <a href="Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a>, in the <i><a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a></i></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a></i> landscape near Araripina</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Saltinho_Biological_Reserve" title="Saltinho Biological Reserve">Saltinho Biological Reserve</a><i>,</i> in the <a href="Pernambuco_coastal_forests" title="Pernambuco coastal forests">coastal forest</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Porto_de_Galinhas" title="Porto de Galinhas">Porto de Galinhas</a> beach, <a href="Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Bolo_de_rolo" title="Bolo de rolo">Bolo de Rolo</a></i>, a Pernambucan specialty</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Hino_de_Pernambuco" title="Hino de Pernambuco">Hino de Pernambuco</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_Pernambuco" title="Flag of Pernambuco">Flag of Pernambuco</a></li>

<li><a href="Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambucan revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Pernambuco" title="List of municipalities in Pernambuco">List of municipalities in Pernambuco</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_Recife" title="Greater Recife">Greater Recife</a></li>

<li><a href="Santo_Aleixo_Island" title="Santo Aleixo Island">Santo Aleixo Island</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/panorama">"Pernambuco - IBGE Cidades"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-detalhe-de-midia.html?view=mediaibge&catid=2103&id=3109">"Estimativas 2019 população Regiões Metropolitanas"</a>. <i>agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpilimbergoSrinivasan2019" class="citation book cs1">Spilimbergo, Antonio; Srinivasan, Krishna (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/24306-9781484339749/24306-9781484339749/ch12.xml?redirect=true"><i>Chapter 12 The Subnational Fiscal Crisis</i></a>. International Monetary Fund. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4843-3974-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFerreira1986" class="citation book cs1">Ferreira, A.B.H. (1986). <i>Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa</i> (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 1267.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufrpe.br/en/content/etimologia-de-pernambuco-teria-origem-no-portugu%C3%AAs-e-n%C3%A3o-no-tupi-diz-pesquisador-da-ufrpe-em">"Etimologia de "Pernambuco" teria origem no português, e não no tupi, diz pesquisador da UFRPE em livro"</a>. <i>Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco</i>. 15 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904041347/http://www.ufrpe.br/en/content/etimologia-de-pernambuco-teria-origem-no-portugu%C3%AAs-e-n%C3%A3o-no-tupi-diz-pesquisador-da-ufrpe-em">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pernambuco" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>". <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 178.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemming, John, <i>Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1978, p. 9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey W. Diffie (1987). A History of Colonial Brazil: 1500 - 1792, p 1, Krieger, Malabar, Florida.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis A. Dutra (1980). A Guide to the History of Brazil, 1500-1822: The literature in English.ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, CA. p. xviii.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Adolfo Varnhagen (1975). História Geral do Brasil antes da sua separação e independência de portugal; revisão e notas de Capistrano de Abreu e Rodolf Garcia. São Paulo. Melhormentos; Brasilia. pp. 82-97.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I</i> by R. J. Knecht p.375 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGvoIW6Y_xAC&pg=PA375">Google Books</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frei Vicente do Salvador, História do Brasil, Melhormentos; Brasilia, II, Chapter 11.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis A. Dutra. "Duarte Coelho Pereira, First Lord-Proprietor of Pernambuco: The Beginnings of a Dynasty", The Americas 29:4 (April 1973), pp.415-441.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1985" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1985). <i>Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia 1550 - 1835</i>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 35.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Boxer, The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1654, Archon Books, 1973</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301195216/http://www.raulmendesilva.pro.br/pintura/pag004.shtml">"Raulmendesilva.pro.br"</a>. Raulmendesilva.pro.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raulmendesilva.pro.br/pintura/pag004.shtml">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nedbra-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nedbra_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrefeitura_Municipal_de_Monteiro" class="citation book cs1">Prefeitura Municipal de Monteiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monteiro.pb.gov.br/noticia.shtml?1896"><i>I Encontro Regional das Rendas Renascença</i></a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Eisenberg, The Sugar Industry in Pernambuco: Modernization Without Change, 1840-1910, University of California Press, ch 1.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil: 1695-1750, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962. Ch. V</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart B Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835 p. 160</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil: 1695-1750, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 2 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 271-276</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Levine, Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937, p. 165.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Levine, Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889-1937, pp. 16&17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kit Sims Taylor, Sugar and Underdevelopment of Northeastern Brazil 1500-1970, University Presses of Florida, p. 5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Graham, "A century of Brazilian History since 1865: Issues and Problems, A. Knopf, New York, p. 137</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 444</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szwarcwald, C.L., Almeida, W.d., Teixeira, R.A. et al. "Inequalities in infant mortality in Brazil at subnational levels in Brazil, 1990 to 2015." <i>Popul Health Metrics</i> 18, 4 (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00208-1">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00208-1</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Pereira, C.Mota, and M. Andresen, "The Homicide Drop in Recife, Brazil: A Study of Crime Concentrations and Spatial Patterns", <i>Homicide Studies</i> 2017, Vol. 21(1) 21&27.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFunari2017" class="citation cs2">Funari, Pedro Paulo Pereira (2017), Bértola, Luis; Williamson, Jeffrey (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44621-9_6">"Inequality, Institutions, and Long-Term Development: A Perspective from Brazilian Regions"</a></span>, <i>Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking Over the Long Run</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>142, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-44621-9_6">10.1007/978-3-319-44621-9_6</a></span>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-44621-9</bdi>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157455763">157455763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412001204/http://www.noronha.pe.gov.br/instAdmin_1.php">"Fernando de Noronha"</a>. <i>www.noronha.pe.gov.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noronha.pe.gov.br/instAdmin_1.php">the original</a> on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: PNAD.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Censo_2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Censo_2010_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Censo_2010_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php">Censo 2010</a>». IBGE</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblioteca.ibge.gov.br_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf">Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência</a>» (PDF)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/">"Censo 2022 - Panorama"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1887346-EI6608,00.html">"Notas nordestinas – Terra – Antonio Riserio"</a>. Terramagazine.terra.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154829/http://terramagazine.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI1887346-EI6608,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaloum_De_Neves_MantaPereiraViannaRodolfo_Beuttenmüller_De_Araújo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saloum De Neves Manta, Fernanda; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Rodolfo Beuttenmüller De Araújo, Alfredo; Leite Góes Gitaí, Daniel; Aparecida Da Silva, Dayse; De Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária; Da Mota Pontes, Isabel; Ivan Aguiar, José; Ozório Moraes, Milton; Fagundes De Carvalho, Elizeu; Gusmão, Leonor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779230">"Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (9): e75145. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...875145S">2013PLoSO...875145S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075145">10.1371/journal.pone.0075145</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779230">3779230</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24073242">24073242</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IBGE_Pop_2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBGE_Pop_2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf">"Estimativas da população residente nos municípios brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2011"</a> [Estimates of the Resident Population of Brazilian Municipalities as of July 1, 2011] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). <a href="Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a>. 30 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007090238/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/web/condepeFidem">"Condepefidem.gov.br"</a>. condepefidem.pe.gov.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814055327/http://www.dk-export.dk/media/2011.08.30_Shipyard_Visit_UPDATED_II_29-08.pdf">"Fact finding Brazil – Shipyard & Marine visit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dk-export.dk/media/2011.08.30_Shipyard_Visit_UPDATED_II_29-08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015816/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/ppm/2007/ppm2007.pdf">"Brazil livestock statistics 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/ppm/2007/ppm2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015929/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pam/2002/pam2002.pdf">"Brazil Agriculture statistics 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pam/2002/pam2002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/26537-ibge-preve-safra-recorde-de-graos-em-2020">IBGE prevê safra recorde de grãos em 2020</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[perfildaindustria.portaldaindustria.com.br/estado/pe Pernambuco Industry]</span>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070623195836/http://www.infraero.com.br/aero_prev_home.php?ai=89">Infraero.com</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suape.pe.gov.br/mov_estatisticas.ASP?tabela=5">Suape Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070729101716/http://www.suape.pe.gov.br/mov_estatisticas.ASP?tabela=5">Archived</a> 29 July 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225110136/http://www.psbceara.org.br/noticias/texto.asp?var=&id=366">"Recife Port New Terminal"</a>. Psbceara.org.br. 28 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psbceara.org.br/noticias/texto.asp?var=&id=366">the original</a> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515170417/http://www.portodorecife.pe.gov.br/doc/COMPCARG.pdf">"Recife Port Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portodorecife.pe.gov.br/doc/COMPCARG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEstacheGoldsteinPittman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Estache, Antonio; Goldstein, Andrea; Pittman, Russell W. (16 October 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=286292">"Privatization and Regulatory Reform in Brazil: The Case of Freight Railways"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade</i>. <b>1</b> (2). Rochester, NY: <span class="nowrap">203–</span>235. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1012834715715">10.1023/A:1012834715715</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195293073">195293073</a>. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=286292">286292</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csn.com.br/quem-somos/grupo-csn/tlsa/">"TLSA"</a>. <i>CSN</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-População_IBGE-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-População_IBGE_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/mapas.html?localidade=BR&tema=domicilios">"Panorama do Censo 2022"</a>. <i>IBGE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001818/http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf">"GDP City by City 2007 IBGE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.com.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2003_2007/tab01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbf.com.br/ranking/ranking_uf.pdf">CBF.com.br</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014095018/http://www.cbf.com.br/ranking/ranking_uf.pdf">Archived</a> 14 October 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li>The Modern Endangered Archives Program <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meap.library.ucla.edu/projects/captain-zuzinhas-band-2/">Frevo Music</a> collection is available through the UCLA Library</li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Municipalities_of_Pernambuco383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="List_of_municipalities_in_Pernambuco" title="List of municipalities in Pernambuco">Municipalities of Pernambuco</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <b><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoregion <br> Agreste Pernambucano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alto Capibaribe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casinhas" title="Casinhas">Casinhas</a></li>

<li><a href="Frei_Miguelinho" title="Frei Miguelinho">Frei Miguelinho</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Cruz_do_Capibaribe" title="Santa Cruz do Capibaribe">Santa Cruz do Capibaribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Maria_do_Cambuc%C3%A1" title="Santa Maria do Cambucá">Santa Maria do Cambucá</a></li>

<li><a href="Surubim" title="Surubim">Surubim</a></li>

<li><a href="Taquaritinga_do_Norte" title="Taquaritinga do Norte">Taquaritinga do Norte</a></li>

<li><a href="Toritama" title="Toritama">Toritama</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertente_do_L%C3%A9rio" title="Vertente do Lério">Vertente do Lério</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertentes" title="Vertentes">Vertentes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brejo Pernambucano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrestina" title="Agrestina">Agrestina</a></li>

<li><a href="Altinho%2C_Pernambuco" title="Altinho, Pernambuco">Altinho</a></li>

<li><a href="Barra_de_Guabiraba" title="Barra de Guabiraba">Barra de Guabiraba</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonito%2C_Pernambuco" title="Bonito, Pernambuco">Bonito</a></li>

<li><a href="Camocim_de_S%C3%A3o_F%C3%A9lix" title="Camocim de São Félix">Camocim de São Félix</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupira%2C_Pernambuco" title="Cupira, Pernambuco">Cupira</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibirajuba" title="Ibirajuba">Ibirajuba</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoa_dos_Gatos" title="Lagoa dos Gatos">Lagoa dos Gatos</a></li>

<li><a href="Panelas" title="Panelas">Panelas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sair%C3%A9" title="Sairé">Sairé</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Joaquim_do_Monte" title="São Joaquim do Monte">São Joaquim do Monte</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garanhuns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angelim" title="Angelim">Angelim</a></li>

<li><a href="Bom_Conselho" title="Bom Conselho">Bom Conselho</a></li>

<li><a href="Brej%C3%A3o" title="Brejão">Brejão</a></li>

<li><a href="Caet%C3%A9s%2C_Pernambuco" title="Caetés, Pernambuco">Caetés</a></li>

<li><a href="Cal%C3%A7ado" title="Calçado">Calçado</a></li>

<li><a href="Canhotinho" title="Canhotinho">Canhotinho</a></li>

<li><a href="Correntes%2C_Pernambuco" title="Correntes, Pernambuco">Correntes</a></li>

<li><a href="Garanhuns" title="Garanhuns">Garanhuns</a></li>

<li><a href="Jucati" title="Jucati">Jucati</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurema%2C_Pernambuco" title="Jurema, Pernambuco">Jurema</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoa_do_Ouro" title="Lagoa do Ouro">Lagoa do Ouro</a></li>

<li><a href="Lajedo%2C_Pernambuco" title="Lajedo, Pernambuco">Lajedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmeirina" title="Palmeirina">Palmeirina</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranatama" title="Paranatama">Paranatama</a></li>

<li><a href="Salo%C3%A1" title="Saloá">Saloá</a></li>

<li><a href="Terezinha%2C_Pernambuco" title="Terezinha, Pernambuco">Terezinha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Médio Capibaribe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bom_Jardim%2C_Pernambuco" title="Bom Jardim, Pernambuco">Bom Jardim</a></li>

<li><a href="Cumaru" title="Cumaru">Cumaru</a></li>

<li><a href="Feira_Nova%2C_Pernambuco" title="Feira Nova, Pernambuco">Feira Nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo%C3%A3o_Alfredo" title="João Alfredo">João Alfredo</a></li>

<li><a href="Limoeiro" title="Limoeiro">Limoeiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Machados" title="Machados">Machados</a></li>

<li><a href="Orob%C3%B3" title="Orobó">Orobó</a></li>

<li><a href="Passira" title="Passira">Passira</a></li>

<li><a href="Salgadinho%2C_Pernambuco" title="Salgadinho, Pernambuco">Salgadinho</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Vicente_Ferrer%2C_Pernambuco" title="São Vicente Ferrer, Pernambuco">São Vicente Ferrer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vale do Ipanema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%81guas_Belas" title="Águas Belas">Águas Belas</a></li>

<li><a href="Bu%C3%ADque" title="Buíque">Buíque</a></li>

<li><a href="Ita%C3%ADba" title="Itaíba">Itaíba</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedra%2C_Pernambuco" title="Pedra, Pernambuco">Pedra</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupanatinga" title="Tupanatinga">Tupanatinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Venturosa" title="Venturosa">Venturosa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vale do Ipojuca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alagoinha" title="Alagoinha">Alagoinha</a></li>

<li><a href="Belo_Jardim" title="Belo Jardim">Belo Jardim</a></li>

<li><a href="Bezerros" title="Bezerros">Bezerros</a></li>

<li><a href="Brejo_da_Madre_de_Deus" title="Brejo da Madre de Deus">Brejo da Madre de Deus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cachoeirinha%2C_Pernambuco" title="Cachoeirinha, Pernambuco">Cachoeirinha</a></li>

<li><a href="Capoeiras" title="Capoeiras">Capoeiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Caruaru" title="Caruaru">Caruaru</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravat%C3%A1" title="Gravatá">Gravatá</a></li>

<li><a href="Jata%C3%BAba" title="Jataúba">Jataúba</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesqueira%2C_Pernambuco" title="Pesqueira, Pernambuco">Pesqueira</a></li>

<li><a href="Po%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Poção">Poção</a></li>

<li><a href="Riacho_das_Almas" title="Riacho das Almas">Riacho das Almas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanhar%C3%B3" title="Sanharó">Sanharó</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Bento_do_Una" title="São Bento do Una">São Bento do Una</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Caetano%2C_Pernambuco" title="São Caetano, Pernambuco">São Caetano</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacaimb%C3%B3" title="Tacaimbó">Tacaimbó</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoregion <br> Mata Pernambucana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mata Meridional <br> Pernambucana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%81gua_Preta" title="Água Preta">Água Preta</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaraji" title="Amaraji">Amaraji</a></li>

<li><a href="Barreiros%2C_Pernambuco" title="Barreiros, Pernambuco">Barreiros</a></li>

<li><a href="Bel%C3%A9m_de_Maria" title="Belém de Maria">Belém de Maria</a></li>

<li><a href="Catende" title="Catende">Catende</a></li>

<li><a href="Cort%C3%AAs" title="Cortês">Cortês</a></li>

<li><a href="Escada%2C_Pernambuco" title="Escada, Pernambuco">Escada</a></li>

<li><a href="Gameleira" title="Gameleira">Gameleira</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaqueira" title="Jaqueira">Jaqueira</a></li>

<li><a href="Joaquim_Nabuco%2C_Pernambuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco, Pernambuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li>

<li><a href="Maraial" title="Maraial">Maraial</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmares%2C_Pernambuco" title="Palmares, Pernambuco">Palmares</a></li>

<li><a href="Primavera%2C_Pernambuco" title="Primavera, Pernambuco">Primavera</a></li>

<li><a href="Quipap%C3%A1" title="Quipapá">Quipapá</a></li>

<li><a href="Ribeir%C3%A3o%2C_Pernambuco" title="Ribeirão, Pernambuco">Ribeirão</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Formoso" title="Rio Formoso">Rio Formoso</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Benedito_do_Sul" title="São Benedito do Sul">São Benedito do Sul</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_da_Coroa_Grande" title="São José da Coroa Grande">São José da Coroa Grande</a></li>

<li><a href="Sirinha%C3%A9m" title="Sirinhaém">Sirinhaém</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamandar%C3%A9" title="Tamandaré">Tamandaré</a></li>

<li><a href="Xex%C3%A9u" title="Xexéu">Xexéu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mata Setentrional <br> Pernambucana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alian%C3%A7a" title="Aliança">Aliança</a></li>

<li><a href="Buenos_Aires%2C_Pernambuco" title="Buenos Aires, Pernambuco">Buenos Aires</a></li>

<li><a href="Camutanga" title="Camutanga">Camutanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpina" title="Carpina">Carpina</a></li>

<li><a href="Condado%2C_Pernambuco" title="Condado, Pernambuco">Condado</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferreiros%2C_Pernambuco" title="Ferreiros, Pernambuco">Ferreiros</a></li>

<li><a href="Goiana" title="Goiana">Goiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Itamb%C3%A9%2C_Pernambuco" title="Itambé, Pernambuco">Itambé</a></li>

<li><a href="Itaquitinga" title="Itaquitinga">Itaquitinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoa_do_Carro" title="Lagoa do Carro">Lagoa do Carro</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoa_de_Itaenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoa de Itaenga">Lagoa de Itaenga</a></li>

<li><a href="Macaparana" title="Macaparana">Macaparana</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazar%C3%A9_da_Mata" title="Nazaré da Mata">Nazaré da Mata</a></li>

<li><a href="Paudalho" title="Paudalho">Paudalho</a></li>

<li><a href="Timba%C3%BAba" title="Timbaúba">Timbaúba</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracunha%C3%A9m" title="Tracunhaém">Tracunhaém</a></li>

<li><a href="Vic%C3%AAncia" title="Vicência">Vicência</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitoria de Santo Antão</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ch%C3%A3_de_Alegria" title="Chã de Alegria">Chã de Alegria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C3%A3_Grande" title="Chã Grande">Chã Grande</a></li>

<li><a href="Gl%C3%B3ria_do_Goit%C3%A1" title="Glória do Goitá">Glória do Goitá</a></li>

<li><a href="Pombos" title="Pombos">Pombos</a></li>

<li><a href="Vit%C3%B3ria_de_Santo_Ant%C3%A3o" title="Vitória de Santo Antão">Vitória de Santo Antão</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoregion <br> Metropolitana de Recife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Itamaracá</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ara%C3%A7oiaba" title="Araçoiaba">Araçoiaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Igarassu%2C_Pernambuco" title="Igarassu, Pernambuco">Igarassu</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilha_de_Itamarac%C3%A1" title="Ilha de Itamaracá">Ilha de Itamaracá</a></li>

<li><a href="Itapissuma" title="Itapissuma">Itapissuma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abreu_e_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Abreu e Lima">Abreu e Lima</a></li>

<li><a href="Camaragibe" title="Camaragibe">Camaragibe</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaboat%C3%A3o_dos_Guararapes" title="Jaboatão dos Guararapes">Jaboatão dos Guararapes</a></li>

<li><a href="Moreno%2C_Pernambuco" title="Moreno, Pernambuco">Moreno</a></li>

<li><a href="Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulista" title="Paulista">Paulista</a></li>

<li><a href="Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_da_Mata" title="São Lourenço da Mata">São Lourenço da Mata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Porto de Suape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cabo_de_Santo_Agostinho" title="Cabo de Santo Agostinho">Cabo de Santo Agostinho</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fernando de Noronha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoregion <br> Sao Francisco Pernambucano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Itaparica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bel%C3%A9m_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco" title="Belém de São Francisco">Belém de São Francisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnaubeira_da_Penha" title="Carnaubeira da Penha">Carnaubeira da Penha</a></li>

<li><a href="Floresta%2C_Pernambuco" title="Floresta, Pernambuco">Floresta</a></li>

<li><a href="Itacuruba" title="Itacuruba">Itacuruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Jatob%C3%A1%2C_Pernambuco" title="Jatobá, Pernambuco">Jatobá</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrol%C3%A2ndia" title="Petrolândia">Petrolândia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacaratu" title="Tacaratu">Tacaratu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Petrolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afr%C3%A2nio" title="Afrânio">Afrânio</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabrob%C3%B3" title="Cabrobó">Cabrobó</a></li>

<li><a href="Dormentes" title="Dormentes">Dormentes</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoa_Grande%2C_Pernambuco" title="Lagoa Grande, Pernambuco">Lagoa Grande</a></li>

<li><a href="Oroc%C3%B3" title="Orocó">Orocó</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Maria_da_Boa_Vista" title="Santa Maria da Boa Vista">Santa Maria da Boa Vista</a></li>

<li><a href="Terra_Nova%2C_Pernambuco" title="Terra Nova, Pernambuco">Terra Nova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoregion <br> Sertão Pernambucano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Araripina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Araripina" title="Araripina">Araripina</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodoc%C3%B3" title="Bodocó">Bodocó</a></li>

<li><a href="Granito" title="Granito">Granito</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipubi" title="Ipubi">Ipubi</a></li>

<li><a href="Moreil%C3%A2ndia" title="Moreilândia">Moreilândia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ouricuri" title="Ouricuri">Ouricuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Cruz%2C_Pernambuco" title="Santa Cruz, Pernambuco">Santa Cruz</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Filomena%2C_Pernambuco" title="Santa Filomena, Pernambuco">Santa Filomena</a></li>

<li><a href="Trindade%2C_Pernambuco" title="Trindade, Pernambuco">Trindade</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pajeú</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afogados_da_Ingazeira" title="Afogados da Ingazeira">Afogados da Ingazeira</a></li>

<li><a href="Brejinho" title="Brejinho">Brejinho</a></li>

<li><a href="Calumbi" title="Calumbi">Calumbi</a></li>

<li><a href="Carna%C3%ADba" title="Carnaíba">Carnaíba</a></li>

<li><a href="Flores%2C_Pernambuco" title="Flores, Pernambuco">Flores</a></li>

<li><a href="Iguaraci" title="Iguaraci">Iguaraci</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingazeira" title="Ingazeira">Ingazeira</a></li>

<li><a href="Itapetim" title="Itapetim">Itapetim</a></li>

<li><a href="Quixaba" title="Quixaba">Quixaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Cruz_da_Baixa_Verde" title="Santa Cruz da Baixa Verde">Santa Cruz da Baixa Verde</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Terezinha%2C_Pernambuco" title="Santa Terezinha, Pernambuco">Santa Terezinha</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Egito" title="São José do Egito">São José do Egito</a></li>

<li><a href="Serra_Talhada" title="Serra Talhada">Serra Talhada</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid%C3%A3o" title="Solidão">Solidão</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabira%2C_Pernambuco" title="Tabira, Pernambuco">Tabira</a></li>

<li><a href="Triunfo%2C_Pernambuco" title="Triunfo, Pernambuco">Triunfo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuparetama" title="Tuparetama">Tuparetama</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Salgueiro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cedro%2C_Pernambuco" title="Cedro, Pernambuco">Cedro</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirandiba" title="Mirandiba">Mirandiba</a></li>

<li><a href="Parnamirim%2C_Pernambuco" title="Parnamirim, Pernambuco">Parnamirim</a></li>

<li><a href="Salgueiro" title="Salgueiro">Salgueiro</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Belmonte" title="São José do Belmonte">São José do Belmonte</a></li>

<li><a href="Serrita" title="Serrita">Serrita</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdejante" title="Verdejante">Verdejante</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sertão do Moxotó</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcoverde" title="Arcoverde">Arcoverde</a></li>

<li><a href="Bet%C3%A2nia%2C_Pernambuco" title="Betânia, Pernambuco">Betânia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cust%C3%B3dia" title="Custódia">Custódia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibimirim" title="Ibimirim">Ibimirim</a></li>

<li><a href="Inaj%C3%A1%2C_Pernambuco" title="Inajá, Pernambuco">Inajá</a></li>

<li><a href="Manari%2C_Pernambuco" title="Manari, Pernambuco">Manari</a></li>

<li><a href="Sert%C3%A2nia" title="Sertânia">Sertânia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_states_of_Brazil340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regions_and_states_of_Brazil340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a> and <a href="Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">states</a> of <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Subdivisions of Brazil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">Federative units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central-West_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Center-West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Distrito Federal</a></li>

<li><a href="Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></li>

<li><a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></li>

<li><a href="Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li>

<li><a href="Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Region%2C_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northeast_Region%2C_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li>

<li><a href="Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></li>

<li><a href="Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></li>

<li><a href="Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li>

<li><a href="Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Region%2C_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></li>

<li><a href="Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></li>

<li><a href="Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Notable archipelagos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> ()</li>

<li><a href="Rocas_Atoll" title="Rocas Atoll">Rocas Atoll</a> (<a href="Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">RN</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Saint Paul</a> ()</li>

<li><a href="Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a> (<a href="Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">ES</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Brazil_socio-geographic_division" title="Brazil socio-geographic division">Socio-geographic divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Amazônia Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Centro-Sul</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordeste_(socio-geographic_division)" title="Nordeste (socio-geographic division)">Nordeste</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Proposed_federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Proposed federative units of Brazil">Proposed federative units</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles533" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Brazil_articles533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vargas_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomes_in_Brazil" title="Biomes in Brazil">Biomes</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_shelf_of_Brazil" title="Continental shelf of Brazil">Continental shelf</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_jurisdictional_waters" title="Brazilian jurisdictional waters">Jurisdictional waters</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li>

<li><a href="Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a>

<li><a href="Women's_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li>

<li><a href="Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_tourism_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ tourism in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Highway system</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a>

<li><a href="List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_literature_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ literature in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li>

<li>Christianity

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li>Eastern Orthodoxy

<ul><li><small><a href="Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li>

<li><a href="Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ABrazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1636" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127838743">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208725">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045212-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061033">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119981060">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119981060">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pernambuco (Brazílie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge281956&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453638">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548187905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/15060f0d-3bfc-4772-8299-bd45db706a40">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028073061">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/fc6f531e-cd8c-4b98-ae10-02fe1ad83a1f">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pernambuco&oldid=1302143636">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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